The US Army Aeromedical Activity (AAMA) reviews and recommends disposition of flying duty medical examinations and waivers. Flight Surgeons are considered rated crewmembers, not rated aviators, and are responsible for clinical and preventive medicine, unit readiness, and clinical support. Aeromedical psychologists provide clinical consultations and support to flight surgeons. The primary goal of the Aviation Medicine Program is preventative medicine services. There are two categories of Flying Duty Medical Examinations: initial examinations and comprehensive examinations every 5 years (or annually after age 50). A flight student's status changes from class 1 to class 2 after completing flight school, taking the physical by the last day of their birth month within a 3-month window.
The US Army Aeromedical Activity (AAMA) reviews and recommends disposition of flying duty medical examinations and waivers. Flight Surgeons are considered rated crewmembers, not rated aviators. They are responsible for clinical and preventive medicine, unit readiness, and clinical support. Aeromedical psychologists provide clinical consultations and support to flight surgeons. The primary goal of the Aviation Medicine Program is preventative medicine services. There are two categories of Flying Duty Medical Examinations: initial examinations and comprehensive examinations every 5 years (or annually after age 50). A flight student's status changes from class 1 to class 2 after completing flight school, taking the physical by the last day of their birth month within 3 months of completing school.
The US Army Aeromedical Activity (AAMA) reviews and recommends disposition of flying duty medical examinations and waivers. Flight Surgeons are considered rated crewmembers, not rated aviators. They are responsible for preventive medicine, readiness, and clinical support. Aeromedical psychologists provide clinical consultation and support to flight surgeons. The primary goal of the Army Aviation Medicine Program is preventative medicine services. There are two categories of Flying Duty Medical Examinations: initial exams and comprehensive exams every 5 years for those under 50.
Altitude training is an established method to improve endurance performance, but also high intensity sports can benefit from it's use. There are a few important points to consider however to maximize it's effects and to become an altitude training responder !
There are numerous Physiological terms being used in the field of Physical Education and Sports. For all the trainers, coaches and Physical Education teachers, the clarity and well understanding of all these terms is very important to make the players or the students understand fully, so that better methods of training or teaching may be facilitated. This paper will review the general Physiological concepts that already used in the field of Sports and Physical Education.
The document summarizes information about altitude training and simulated altitude technology. It discusses (1) different levels of altitude and their effects on the body, (2) how simulated altitude equipment works to replicate the hypoxic conditions of high altitude, (3) case studies of the Altitude House and Gym in Ireland which utilize simulated altitude technology, and (4) the various applications of simulated altitude training for sports performance, health, rehabilitation, and mountaineering.
The document discusses the negative health effects of long-term anabolic steroid use on the kidneys. A study of 10 bodybuilders found that 9 had developed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, a type of kidney scarring. This condition causes the loss of proteins and other waste through the urine and is usually caused by overworking the kidneys. The researchers concluded that regular steroid use has serious, previously unknown effects on kidney function and health.
"The highly trained marathon runner.. epitome of health or fittest person in ...Kiely Bridge
Critical thinking paper written for Syracuse University class, PPE 518, exploring the cardiovascular implications of marathon running. See SlideShare link above.
The US Army Aeromedical Activity (AAMA) reviews and recommends disposition of flying duty medical examinations and waivers. Flight Surgeons are considered rated crewmembers, not rated aviators. They are responsible for clinical and preventive medicine, unit readiness, and clinical support. Aeromedical psychologists provide clinical consultations and support to flight surgeons. The primary goal of the Aviation Medicine Program is preventative medicine services. There are two categories of Flying Duty Medical Examinations: initial examinations and comprehensive examinations every 5 years (or annually after age 50). A flight student's status changes from class 1 to class 2 after completing flight school, taking the physical by the last day of their birth month within 3 months of completing school.
The US Army Aeromedical Activity (AAMA) reviews and recommends disposition of flying duty medical examinations and waivers. Flight Surgeons are considered rated crewmembers, not rated aviators. They are responsible for preventive medicine, readiness, and clinical support. Aeromedical psychologists provide clinical consultation and support to flight surgeons. The primary goal of the Army Aviation Medicine Program is preventative medicine services. There are two categories of Flying Duty Medical Examinations: initial exams and comprehensive exams every 5 years for those under 50.
Altitude training is an established method to improve endurance performance, but also high intensity sports can benefit from it's use. There are a few important points to consider however to maximize it's effects and to become an altitude training responder !
There are numerous Physiological terms being used in the field of Physical Education and Sports. For all the trainers, coaches and Physical Education teachers, the clarity and well understanding of all these terms is very important to make the players or the students understand fully, so that better methods of training or teaching may be facilitated. This paper will review the general Physiological concepts that already used in the field of Sports and Physical Education.
The document summarizes information about altitude training and simulated altitude technology. It discusses (1) different levels of altitude and their effects on the body, (2) how simulated altitude equipment works to replicate the hypoxic conditions of high altitude, (3) case studies of the Altitude House and Gym in Ireland which utilize simulated altitude technology, and (4) the various applications of simulated altitude training for sports performance, health, rehabilitation, and mountaineering.
The document discusses the negative health effects of long-term anabolic steroid use on the kidneys. A study of 10 bodybuilders found that 9 had developed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, a type of kidney scarring. This condition causes the loss of proteins and other waste through the urine and is usually caused by overworking the kidneys. The researchers concluded that regular steroid use has serious, previously unknown effects on kidney function and health.
"The highly trained marathon runner.. epitome of health or fittest person in ...Kiely Bridge
Critical thinking paper written for Syracuse University class, PPE 518, exploring the cardiovascular implications of marathon running. See SlideShare link above.
This document outlines the key components of preoperative assessment for anaesthesia, including:
1. Taking a thorough patient history to identify any medical conditions or risks that could impact anaesthesia or surgery.
2. Performing a physical exam, including a focused assessment of the airway.
3. Determining the urgency of the planned surgery and communicating with the surgical team.
4. Ordering relevant preoperative investigations or tests based on the patient's age, health status, and type of surgery. The goals are to minimize risk and optimize preparation for anaesthesia and surgery.
The document discusses pulmonary function tests (PFTs), specifically spirometry. It provides details on lung anatomy and physiology, the purpose of PFTs in evaluating lung function and disease, how spirometry is performed and interpreted, and what values it measures such as FEV1, FVC, and their ratios. PFTs including spirometry are useful diagnostic tools to evaluate symptoms, monitor treatment effectiveness, and distinguish obstructive from restrictive lung diseases.
This document discusses the physics of trauma from injuries caused by kinetic energy transfer. It covers the principles of kinematics, Newton's laws of motion, and conservation of energy. Specific types of trauma are examined, including motor vehicle collisions, falls, stabbings, gunshot wounds, and explosions. Blast injuries are discussed in depth, outlining the mechanisms and pathophysiology of injuries from blast overpressure, burns, and flying debris. Management of mass casualty situations from explosions is also addressed.
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), such as spirometry, measure how well the lungs function by analyzing air flow. Spirometry yields measurements like FEV1, FVC, and their ratio (FEV1/FVC), which can help distinguish between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Obstructive diseases like asthma result in low FEV1/FVC due to airway narrowing, while restrictive diseases lower all lung volumes from reduced compliance. PFTs aid in diagnosis, monitoring treatment, and assessing pre-operative risk.
This document summarizes a presentation about occupational health risks for aging workers related to chemical, physical, and infectious exposures. It discusses how aging workers have increased susceptibility to certain exposures due to normal age-related physiological changes. It covers specific chemical exposures of concern, physical risks from noise and heat, and infectious disease susceptibility. It recommends steps for industries to take to manage risks, such as engineering and administrative controls, medical surveillance, and personal protective equipment programs tailored to older workers' needs.
This document provides information about acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) including its definition, causes, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, management, and prognosis. ARDS is a life-threatening lung condition caused by fluid buildup in the lungs which prevents proper oxygen exchange. The document outlines the three phases of ARDS, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options including ventilation strategies and positioning, and complications. Prone positioning is highlighted as an effective strategy to improve outcomes when used early in patients with severe hypoxemia.
CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It is an emergency procedure performed when a person's breathing or heartbeat has stopped in an effort to manually maintain some circulation and oxygenation until further resuscitation efforts can be performed or the heart can resume functioning on its own.
SCA stands for sudden cardiac arrest, which occurs when the heart malfunctions and suddenly stops beating unexpectedly.
Defibrillation is a treatment for life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, specifically ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. It is delivered by a device called a defibrillator, which delivers a dose of electric current to the heart. The aim is to depolarize a critical mass of the heart muscle to terminate
Pulmonary function testing (spirometry ) Dr Emad efat
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) such as spirometry help diagnose and monitor respiratory diseases. Spirometry measures expiratory volumes and flow rates through forced inhalation and exhalation into a mouthpiece. For a test to be valid, exhalation must be smooth, continuous for 6 seconds, and meet reproducibility criteria of two largest FVC and FEV1 values within 0.2 L of each other. PFTs can detect restrictive and obstructive lung diseases and assess response to treatment.
The document provides an overview of a prehospital trauma life support refresher course. It discusses topics like the kinematics of different types of injuries, management of shock, airway management techniques, spinal immobilization, and assessment and management of head, chest, abdominal and spinal trauma. Key skills like the primary and secondary survey process are also reviewed.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. It affects over 25 million people in the US and can be triggered by factors like exercise, allergens, infections and air pollution. While there is no cure for asthma, it can be managed through medications and lifestyle changes like exercise. Exercise is beneficial for those with asthma as it can help control symptoms, improve cardiovascular fitness and pulmonary function. It is important to monitor asthma symptoms during and after exercise and to have medications available in case of an attack. A properly designed aerobic, strength and flexibility training program can help asthma patients safely reap the benefits of exercise.
The document outlines an agenda and objectives for a training on EMT basic advanced airway management using the pharyngeal esophageal airway device (PEAD), also known as the Combitube. The training will include lessons on respiratory anatomy and physiology, respiratory volumes and management, assessing respiratory problems, basic airway management, suctioning, and dual-lumen airway devices. It will conclude with demonstrations and skills testing on techniques like manual airway maneuvers, ventilation, suctioning, and Combitube insertion.
The document outlines an agenda and objectives for a training on EMT basic advanced airway management using the pharyngeal esophageal airway device (PEAD), also known as the Combitube. The training will include lessons on respiratory anatomy and physiology, respiratory volumes and management, assessing respiratory problems, basic airway management, suctioning, and dual-lumen airway devices. It will conclude with demonstrations and skills testing on techniques like manual airway maneuvers, ventilation, suctioning, and Combitube insertion.
The document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook. It discusses the following main points in 3 or fewer sentences each:
1. The definitions and relationships between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of structure, physiology the study of function, with structure dictating function.
2. The levels of organization in the human body from subatomic particles to the whole organism.
3. The 11 organ systems of the body and some of their main functions.
4. Homeostasis and homeostatic control mechanisms, including negative and positive feedback loops that maintain stable internal conditions.
This document outlines objectives and information related to firefighter survival and safety at incidents. It discusses components of incident readiness, personal protective equipment, accountability systems, fitness for duty, rehabilitation, rapid escape procedures, handling lost/trapped/injured firefighters, establishing rapid intervention teams, and post-incident survival factors. Key aspects covered include checking PPE, maintaining accountability, situational awareness, physical/mental fitness, team coordination, rehabilitation, and stress management.
Coding Lecture 2013 Zesut for learning how to codeSDanishHasan1
This document provides guidance on proper documentation for medical coding and billing. It emphasizes that documentation must support the level of service provided and justify medical decision making. Key elements discussed include a detailed history and physical exam, review of systems, past medical history, and medical decision making components. The document also provides examples of procedures and conditions that could be undercoded without thorough documentation of extent, location, complications, and clinical decision making involved. Proper documentation is crucial for accurate coding and ensuring reimbursement.
Aviation medicine, also known as aerospace medicine, focuses on the health and safety of aircrews, passengers, and support staff. It addresses issues related to flying in various environments including hypoxic conditions at high altitudes. The presentation traces the history and development of the field from early experimentation to the establishment of regulatory bodies. It describes the roles and challenges of military, civilian and space operations. Key topics covered include hypoxia, barotrauma, acceleration forces, fatigue management and infectious disease control. The presentation concludes with an overview of the roles and activities of the Institute of Aerospace Medicine in Bangalore, India, which is a key center for aeromedical training and research.
Principles of rehabilitation of orthopedic patientsMD Specialclass
The document discusses rehabilitation medicine and the rehabilitation process. It defines key terms like impairment, disability, and handicap. It also outlines the components of rehabilitation including medical, social, and vocational aspects. The rehabilitation team is described which is led by a physiatrist and includes other professionals like physical therapists and occupational therapists. The principles and stages of rehabilitation for orthopedic patients are explained.
The document discusses CBRNe (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive) threats and mitigation strategies. It provides an overview of major threat types including chemical warfare agents like nerve agents, biological warfare agents, and dirty bombs. It then describes the anatomy of a civil emergency response, including establishing hot, warm, and cold zones. It discusses desired emergency service responses and provides examples of personal protective equipment. It also covers decontamination techniques like mass decontamination and filtration theories used in respiratory protection.
This document outlines the key components of preoperative assessment for anaesthesia, including:
1. Taking a thorough patient history to identify any medical conditions or risks that could impact anaesthesia or surgery.
2. Performing a physical exam, including a focused assessment of the airway.
3. Determining the urgency of the planned surgery and communicating with the surgical team.
4. Ordering relevant preoperative investigations or tests based on the patient's age, health status, and type of surgery. The goals are to minimize risk and optimize preparation for anaesthesia and surgery.
The document discusses pulmonary function tests (PFTs), specifically spirometry. It provides details on lung anatomy and physiology, the purpose of PFTs in evaluating lung function and disease, how spirometry is performed and interpreted, and what values it measures such as FEV1, FVC, and their ratios. PFTs including spirometry are useful diagnostic tools to evaluate symptoms, monitor treatment effectiveness, and distinguish obstructive from restrictive lung diseases.
This document discusses the physics of trauma from injuries caused by kinetic energy transfer. It covers the principles of kinematics, Newton's laws of motion, and conservation of energy. Specific types of trauma are examined, including motor vehicle collisions, falls, stabbings, gunshot wounds, and explosions. Blast injuries are discussed in depth, outlining the mechanisms and pathophysiology of injuries from blast overpressure, burns, and flying debris. Management of mass casualty situations from explosions is also addressed.
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), such as spirometry, measure how well the lungs function by analyzing air flow. Spirometry yields measurements like FEV1, FVC, and their ratio (FEV1/FVC), which can help distinguish between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Obstructive diseases like asthma result in low FEV1/FVC due to airway narrowing, while restrictive diseases lower all lung volumes from reduced compliance. PFTs aid in diagnosis, monitoring treatment, and assessing pre-operative risk.
This document summarizes a presentation about occupational health risks for aging workers related to chemical, physical, and infectious exposures. It discusses how aging workers have increased susceptibility to certain exposures due to normal age-related physiological changes. It covers specific chemical exposures of concern, physical risks from noise and heat, and infectious disease susceptibility. It recommends steps for industries to take to manage risks, such as engineering and administrative controls, medical surveillance, and personal protective equipment programs tailored to older workers' needs.
This document provides information about acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) including its definition, causes, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, management, and prognosis. ARDS is a life-threatening lung condition caused by fluid buildup in the lungs which prevents proper oxygen exchange. The document outlines the three phases of ARDS, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options including ventilation strategies and positioning, and complications. Prone positioning is highlighted as an effective strategy to improve outcomes when used early in patients with severe hypoxemia.
CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It is an emergency procedure performed when a person's breathing or heartbeat has stopped in an effort to manually maintain some circulation and oxygenation until further resuscitation efforts can be performed or the heart can resume functioning on its own.
SCA stands for sudden cardiac arrest, which occurs when the heart malfunctions and suddenly stops beating unexpectedly.
Defibrillation is a treatment for life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, specifically ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia. It is delivered by a device called a defibrillator, which delivers a dose of electric current to the heart. The aim is to depolarize a critical mass of the heart muscle to terminate
Pulmonary function testing (spirometry ) Dr Emad efat
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) such as spirometry help diagnose and monitor respiratory diseases. Spirometry measures expiratory volumes and flow rates through forced inhalation and exhalation into a mouthpiece. For a test to be valid, exhalation must be smooth, continuous for 6 seconds, and meet reproducibility criteria of two largest FVC and FEV1 values within 0.2 L of each other. PFTs can detect restrictive and obstructive lung diseases and assess response to treatment.
The document provides an overview of a prehospital trauma life support refresher course. It discusses topics like the kinematics of different types of injuries, management of shock, airway management techniques, spinal immobilization, and assessment and management of head, chest, abdominal and spinal trauma. Key skills like the primary and secondary survey process are also reviewed.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. It affects over 25 million people in the US and can be triggered by factors like exercise, allergens, infections and air pollution. While there is no cure for asthma, it can be managed through medications and lifestyle changes like exercise. Exercise is beneficial for those with asthma as it can help control symptoms, improve cardiovascular fitness and pulmonary function. It is important to monitor asthma symptoms during and after exercise and to have medications available in case of an attack. A properly designed aerobic, strength and flexibility training program can help asthma patients safely reap the benefits of exercise.
The document outlines an agenda and objectives for a training on EMT basic advanced airway management using the pharyngeal esophageal airway device (PEAD), also known as the Combitube. The training will include lessons on respiratory anatomy and physiology, respiratory volumes and management, assessing respiratory problems, basic airway management, suctioning, and dual-lumen airway devices. It will conclude with demonstrations and skills testing on techniques like manual airway maneuvers, ventilation, suctioning, and Combitube insertion.
The document outlines an agenda and objectives for a training on EMT basic advanced airway management using the pharyngeal esophageal airway device (PEAD), also known as the Combitube. The training will include lessons on respiratory anatomy and physiology, respiratory volumes and management, assessing respiratory problems, basic airway management, suctioning, and dual-lumen airway devices. It will conclude with demonstrations and skills testing on techniques like manual airway maneuvers, ventilation, suctioning, and Combitube insertion.
The document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 1 of Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology textbook. It discusses the following main points in 3 or fewer sentences each:
1. The definitions and relationships between anatomy and physiology. Anatomy is the study of structure, physiology the study of function, with structure dictating function.
2. The levels of organization in the human body from subatomic particles to the whole organism.
3. The 11 organ systems of the body and some of their main functions.
4. Homeostasis and homeostatic control mechanisms, including negative and positive feedback loops that maintain stable internal conditions.
This document outlines objectives and information related to firefighter survival and safety at incidents. It discusses components of incident readiness, personal protective equipment, accountability systems, fitness for duty, rehabilitation, rapid escape procedures, handling lost/trapped/injured firefighters, establishing rapid intervention teams, and post-incident survival factors. Key aspects covered include checking PPE, maintaining accountability, situational awareness, physical/mental fitness, team coordination, rehabilitation, and stress management.
Coding Lecture 2013 Zesut for learning how to codeSDanishHasan1
This document provides guidance on proper documentation for medical coding and billing. It emphasizes that documentation must support the level of service provided and justify medical decision making. Key elements discussed include a detailed history and physical exam, review of systems, past medical history, and medical decision making components. The document also provides examples of procedures and conditions that could be undercoded without thorough documentation of extent, location, complications, and clinical decision making involved. Proper documentation is crucial for accurate coding and ensuring reimbursement.
Aviation medicine, also known as aerospace medicine, focuses on the health and safety of aircrews, passengers, and support staff. It addresses issues related to flying in various environments including hypoxic conditions at high altitudes. The presentation traces the history and development of the field from early experimentation to the establishment of regulatory bodies. It describes the roles and challenges of military, civilian and space operations. Key topics covered include hypoxia, barotrauma, acceleration forces, fatigue management and infectious disease control. The presentation concludes with an overview of the roles and activities of the Institute of Aerospace Medicine in Bangalore, India, which is a key center for aeromedical training and research.
Principles of rehabilitation of orthopedic patientsMD Specialclass
The document discusses rehabilitation medicine and the rehabilitation process. It defines key terms like impairment, disability, and handicap. It also outlines the components of rehabilitation including medical, social, and vocational aspects. The rehabilitation team is described which is led by a physiatrist and includes other professionals like physical therapists and occupational therapists. The principles and stages of rehabilitation for orthopedic patients are explained.
The document discusses CBRNe (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive) threats and mitigation strategies. It provides an overview of major threat types including chemical warfare agents like nerve agents, biological warfare agents, and dirty bombs. It then describes the anatomy of a civil emergency response, including establishing hot, warm, and cold zones. It discusses desired emergency service responses and provides examples of personal protective equipment. It also covers decontamination techniques like mass decontamination and filtration theories used in respiratory protection.
1. What does the US Army Aeromedical Activity (AAMA) do?
Review and recommends disposition of flying duty medical examinations and medical waivers for continued
flying duty.
What are Flight Surgeons (FS) considered to be?
Physicians are considered to be rated crewmembers, NOT rated aviators.
Flight Surgeons, Aeromedical PA’s and Nurse Practitioners are responsible for what?
Clinical and preventive medicine, unit readiness, staff function, clinical support
Aeromedical psychologists are responsible for what?
Clinical consultations and support to flight surgeons, consultatnt to commanders, education and training.
What is the primary goal of Aviation Medicine Program?
Preventative medicine services
There are two broad categories of the Flying Duty Medical Examination (FDME).
What are they?
A. Initial FDME – (class 1-4) accession purposes. Good for 18 months
B. Comprehensive FDME (class 2-4) – every 5 years < 50 years old then annually. Good
for 12 months expiring on the last day of the soldiers birth month
What is the requirement for a flight student’s status to change from class 1 to 2 of FDHS?
The physical must be completed by the last day of the birth month after the soldier completes flight school.
However, the soldier may take the examination within a three-month period preceding the end of the birth
month.
Ex. Q: If your B-day is Jan 20th, what month/date can you begin to take the exam?
A: November 1st.
What form is the Medical Recommendation for flying duty?
DA Form 4186 or “UPSLIP”
-An official document used to notify the aviation commander of the initial recommendation for certification of
medical fitness for all classes of military and civilian aviation personnel.
Who is the final approval authority for the form in question #6?
Unit Commander - may agree or disagree. -Remember “UNIT” Co.
What is a temporary disqualification and what is it likely to result in?
Imposed by the FS/APA for a temporary aero medical disqualifying condition, that are minor, self-limited and
likely to result in re-qualification within 365 days.
What are the temporary restrictions due to exogenous factors?
Medications, Anesthesia, Dietary supplements, alcohol (12 hrs), immunization, tear gas exposure, blood or
plasma donations, altitude chamber, diving, tobacco smoking, strenuous sporting activities, simulator
sickness (12 hrs), centriguge runs (6 hrs)
What is a “medication” under class 1 IAW AR40-8 that may be used without a waiver?
Protein supplements, antacids, artificial tears, aspirin/acetophetomine, cough syrup, decongestant, pepto
bismal, multiple vitamins, nasal sprays, Metamucil, throat losenges
2. How many classes are under Herbals and Dietary Supplements?
3 --- Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3
Which class of Herbal Supplements may be used without approval of a FS/APA?
CLASS 1 -- most water soluble
Which class may be used only with prior approval of the FS/APA?
CLASS 2
What is an essential component of the Army Aviation Medicine Program?
Occupational Medicine -- do not confuse this for the PRIMARY purpose of the Army Aviation Medicine
Program (which is Preventative medicine services)
What are the three types of hazards?
Physical, Chemical, Biological
What is exposure?
The actual contact of the harmful substance with the biological organism
What is the exposure of an agent over a short period of time that can cause adverse health changes?
Acute Exposure
Route of Entry Principle: What are the 3 principle ways a toxin can enter the body?
1. Inhalation 2. Absorption 3. Ingestion
What are the physiological principles related to toxins?
Metabolism slows with age, amount of body fat, genetics
What are the environmental principals related to toxins?
Atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity
What is a product of incomplete combustion?
Carbon Monoxide
You’re using JP8, what is toxic about it?
Carbon monoxide
What are the three protective measures needed to prevent or reduce toxic substance exposure?
1. Individual 2. Cockpit 3. General
What are the four safety features provided by an aircraft?
1. Structural shell - prevent intrusion of structure in the occupiable living space
2. Landing gear and crashworthy seats
3. Personnel restraint system
4. Post-crash factors - crashworthy fuel systems, self sealing fuel cells, break free self
sealing fuel lines, and fire extinguishing systems
3. Which one of the safety features are essential for survival?
(Structural Shell) PROVIDED AN OCCUPIABLE LIVING SPACE
What is an example of a safety feature of the aircraft?
BREAK RESISTANT FUEL LINES (Post-crash factors)
What are the ONLY 3 types of material that ARE allowed for underwear?
COTTON, WOOL, NOMEX = flame resistant
Can the three types of underwear material be combined?
YES
What MAY be used in the rinse cycle to remove body oils?
FABRIC SOFTENERS
What setting can you IRON the NOMEX flight suit and at what temperature?
PERMANENT PRESS SETTING @ MEDIUM TEMPERATURE
What temps can you wash flight suits and NOMEX?
Flight suits < 180 NOMEX < 120 degrees
What can you NOT wear on your flight suit?
Metal Badges
Define acceleration
The rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
What are the factors that determine the effects of acceleration on the human body?
(BIRDI)
Body Area and site – Greater area = lesser effects
Intensity – increases effect
Rate of onset – increases effect
Duration -- increases effect
Impact direction – increases effect
Define Inertia
The resistance to a change in the state of rest or motion.
What are low magnitude accelerations?
G’s that range from 1 to 10 G’s and last for several seconds
What are the factors that reduce the overall efficiency of the body, especially the circulatory system, to
withstand G’s called?
Decremental factors
What are the factors that enhance the ability of the body to withstand G-forces called?
Incremental factors
4. Name a criteria that occupant survivability is contingent upon during an accident?
Occupiable living space: Two objects cannot occupy the same space
What are aircraft design features that enhance crash survivability?
(CREEP)
Container, Restraint System, Encironment, Energy Absorption, Post Crash Factors
__________ is the mechanical radiant energy that is transmitted by __________ pressure waves.
Sound, longitudinal
Noise is a ________ that is ______, ___________, or ___________.
Sound, loud, unpleasant, unwanted
4 NOISE effects are:
1. Annoyance 2. Fatigue 3. Speech Interference 4. Hearing loss
True or False? Noise has measurable characteristics.
TRUE
What are the three measurable characteristics of NOISE?
F.I.D Frequency Intensity Duration
What is Sensorineural hearing loss?
The cochlea is damaged (permanent hearing loss)
What are the three types of stressors?
Psychosocial stressors, Cognitive Stressors, Physiological stressors
In Army aircraft, the overall noise levels are generally equal to or exceed what?
100 dB
What is Amplitude?
The maximum displacement of an object from its position at rest
What are the three components of VIBRATION?
F.A.D
Frequency
Amplitude
Duration
What are the short-term effects that vibration can cause?
FCMDR- (flight commander)
Fatigue
Circulatory effects
Motion sickness
Disorientation
Respiratory effects
5. What are some long term effects of vibration?
Raynauds disease, Bachache/back pain, Kidney/lung damage
What are the physical divisions of the atmosphere?
Troposphere - Extends to an Alt. Of 30,000 ft. at the poles and 60,000 ft. at the equator
Tropopause – boundary between troposphere and stratosphere
Stratosphere – tropopause to about 50 miles upward. Constant -55 degree C temp
Ionosphere – end of stratosphere upward to 600 miles
Exo sphere – end of ionosphere to about 1200 miles (true space)
What are the three physiological zones of the atmosphere and at what altitudes?
1. Efficient Zone: Sea level to 10,000 ft.
2. Deficient Zone: 10,000ft. To 50,000 ft.
3. Space Equivalent Zone: Above 50,000 ft.
Which physiological zone is lethal to humans?
Space equivalent zone
What is the standard sea level atmospheric pressure?
760mm/Hg (reduces by half at 18,000 ft)
What are the substances that make up the mixture of air?
Nitrogen – 78%, Oxygen – 21%, Other – 1%
What are the functions of the circulatory system?
Transport O2 and nutrients to cells
Transport metabolic wastes to organ removal sites
Assists in temperature regulation
What are the components and functions of blood?
Plasma – transports CO2 in blood, White Blood Cells – fights infection
Platelets – aid in blood coagulation,
Red blood Cells (RBCs or erythrocytes) – transports nearly 98.5% of all O2 in blood
What are the functions of respiration?
Provide O2 to cells, Remove carbon dioxide from cells
Assist in maintaining body temperature, Assist in maintaining body acid-base balance
What are the two phases of external respiration?
Active - inhalation
Passive - exhalation
What are the four types of hypoxia?
1. Hypemic – caused by anemia and blood loss
2. Stagnant - varicose veins, pooling of blood
3. Histotoxic – interference with use of O2 by tissues usually due to poisons
4. Hypoxic - insufficient O2, partial pressure (most likely to be encountered at altitude)
6. What are the four stages of hypoxia?
(like ACDC)
1. Indifferent 2. Compensatory 3. Disturbance4. Critical
Which of the four stages of hypoxia is the most dangerous and kills the most soldiers?
Indifferent
What is the only significant effect of mild hypoxia at the indifferent stage?
Night vision deteriorates at about 4,000ft.
______________ is an ______________ and ________ of respiration leading to abnormal loss of _______ from
the blood.
Hyperventilation, excessive rate, depth, CO2
What is the difference between signs and symptoms?
Symptoms are observable by the individual and signs are observed by the crew members
Distinguish the difference between hyperventilation and hypoxia.
A. Above 10,000 ft. is _______________.
B. Below 10,000 ft. is _______________.
A. Hypoxia B. Hyperventilation
Your co-pilot has pain in one tooth, what is it and what do you do?
Barodontalgia (trapped gas disorders of the teeth). Land and seek dental care.
What occurs as pressure decreases and gases dissolved in the body fluids are released as bubbles?
Evolved Gas Disbars (decompression sickness)
What are the primary symptoms Skin Manifestations where N2 bubbles are trapped under the skin?
Paresthesia which is a tingling and itching, reddish discoloration (occurs to the skin)
What are the components of the human eye and their functions?
1. Cornea - protective tissue located over front of eye
2. Iris - regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting pupil
3. Pupil - Center of iris, allows light to enter eye
4. Retina - contains the rod and cone cells - permit us to see
What are the four common visual deficiencies?
1. Astigmatism, 2. Myopia, 3. Hyperopia, 4. Presbyopia
Which one of the four common visual deficiencies occurs with natural aging process?
Presbyopia
What occurs when the natural aging process causes the lens to harden and lose its elasticity?
Presbyopia
7. What are the four terms associated with spatial disorientation?
1. Vertigo
2. Sensory illusion
3. Spatial disorientation
4. Orientation or equilibrium
What are the different Monocular Cues?
1. Geometric Perspectives
(LAV) – Linear Perspective, Apparent foreshortening, vertical position
2. Retinal Image Size
(KITO) – Known size, Increasing/Decreasing size, Terrestrial assoc, Overlapping
3. Arial Perspective
4. Motion Parralax
The sensory inputs that provide orientation and equilibrium are the ___________,
______________, and ________________.
Visual, vestibular and proprioceptive systems
What is the most important bodily sense of orientation?
Vision
Role of visual cues: Orientation by vision requires what 3 things:
R.I.P.
Recognition
Identification
Perception
What are the different visual illusions?
False Horizon
Fascination/Fixation
Flicker Vertigo
Confusion with Ground Lights -- Gives the aviator a false horizon thus descending
Relative Motion
Altered Planes of Reference – wrong reference point
Structural Illusions
Height/Depth Perception
Crater Illusion
Size-Distance
Autokinesis – when a static light appears to move after staring at it for several seconds
Reversible Perspective – at night an aircraft may appear moving away instead of approach
What visual confusion occurs when an aviator mistakes ground lights for stars?
Confusion with ground lights
What illusion promotes the aviator to place aircraft in an unusual attitude?
confusion with ground lights
What three major reasons make the function of the vestibular system extremely important?
VOR (v for vestibular)
1. Visual tracking
2. Orientation in the absence of vision
3. Reflex information
8. What are components of the vestibular system?
Semicircular canals
Otolith organs
What are the three types of Vestibular illusions?
The leans -- turning in wrong direction without knowing it
Graveyard Spiral – difficulty maintain straight flight after continuous curve
Coriolis illusion – rapid movement while feeling weightless
What is the most dangerous vestibular illusion?
Coriolis illusion
What proprioceptive mechanism is unreliable in the absence of vision while in flight?
Seat of the pants flying
What type of spatial disorientation is the most dangerous and why?
Type 1 (unrecognized) is the MOST DANGEROUS because the pilot doesn’t perceive any indications of spatial
disorientation.
What are the 3 dynamics of spatial disorientation?
1. Visual dominance
2. Vestibular suppression
3. Vestibular opportunism
How do you prevent spatial disorientation?
Learn instruments
What is the definition of sleep inertia.
Sleep inertia is the short term grogginess experienced right after awakening.
What are the factors that influence your sleep cycle.
(METAL)
Medication
Environment
Timing of sleep
Age
Level of fatigue
What is the best fatigue countermeasure.
Strategic Napping
What are the countermeasures for shift lag
Reduce mental demands on night flights
Minimize administrative duties after the shift
Implement shorter continous periods at the controls
Maximize every sleep opportunity
Determine if circadian readjustment is neccessary
Ensure the crew double checks everything.